TRANSIENT MHD DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE FREE CONVECTION OF AG-CU HYBRID NANOFLUIDS OVER AN INCLINED POROUS PLATE WITH THERMAL RADIATION AND SORET-DUFOUR EFFECTS

Abstract

The study explores the transient MHD double-diffusive free-convective transport of an Ag-Cu/water-hybridized nanofluid along an inclined porous plate, accounting for heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation, Soret and Dufour effects, and chemical reaction. The formulated mathematical model for the governing equations of momentum, energy, and concentration is subject to initial and boundary conditions. Rosseland's diffusion approximation is used to describe the radiative heat transfer, while the effective thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluid are considered. The resulting partial differential equations are transformed into dimensionless form using suitable similarity variables and solved using an explicit finite-difference scheme. A parametric investigation is conducted to examine the effects of fluid parameters on velocity, heat, and species distributions, as well as on the skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers. The results show that the rising magnetic field term and porous medium resistance reduce the fluid velocity, whereas stronger thermal and solutal buoyancy forces significantly promote the flow. Thermal radiation and the Dufour effect increase the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The concentration boundary layer improves with increasing Soret number but worsens with increasing Schmidt number. The findings provide valuable insights into the thermal management and transport characteristics of hybrid nanofluids in advanced heat-transfer devices.